Human Papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the genital tract.
General information
HPV is a group of viruses extremely widespread around the world. There are more than 190 species of this virus, of which at least 13 lead to the development of cancer (they are known as types of high risk). The virus of human papillomes is transmitted mainly with sexual contacts, and most people are infected shortly after they start taking sex. Two types of HPV (16 and 18) cause 70% of all cases of cervical cancer (RSHM) and precise pathological states of cervix.
Probability to get sick
The virus of human papillomes is transmitted mainly with sexual contacts, and most people are infected shortly after they start taking sex. But penetrating sex is not needed to transfer the virus. The abdominal genital contact is a well -printed path of transmission of papillomavirus infection. The risk groups of HPV infection are children and adolescents aged 15-18.
Cervical cancer is developing as a result of acquired sexual resources for infection with certain types of HPV. Risk factors for development RSM: First sexual intercourse at an early age; Numerous sexual partners; Suppression of immunity (for example, people infected HIV undergoes increased risk of HPV infection and are infected with a wider range of VPV types).
Symptoms and nature course of illness
Most HPV infections do not lead to symptoms or diseases and crosses themselves (about 90% within 2 years). However, a stable infection with certain types of HPV (most often with types 16 and 18) can lead to the development of precise pathological conditions. Without treatment, these terms can be developed in cervical cancer. Today, cervical cancer is the most common disease associated with the virus of the human papillom. Cervical Cervak The fourth is among the most common types of cancer in women, and seventh generally: According to estimates, 528. 000 new cases in the world were 2012. years.
RSM symptoms usually appear only in the advanced stage of cancer and may include the following:
- Irregularly, interfering (between menstruation) or pathological vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse;
- Back pain, legs or in pelvis;
- Fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite;
- An unpleasant sensation in vagina or discharge with an unpleasant odor;
- One swollen leg.
Heavy symptoms can occur in later stages.
Papillomavirus infection is also included in 20-90% of cases of aircraft cancer from the anus, oropharynx, vulva, vagina and penis. According to estimates, up to 90% of all cases of anal cancer were created due to HPV-16 and HPV-18, and 40% of cases of vulva cancer, which are mainly located in older women are related to HPV-16.
HPV infection due to low-risk types causing angel nipples in men and women (showed condylomas or sexually transmitted nipples). The average time between the infection with the types of HPV-6 or 11 and the development of sexually transmitted nipples is 11-12 months in men, and 5-6 months in young women 16. Anogenous condylomas are difficult to treat.
HPV-6 and HPV-11 can cause a rare state known as repetitive respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in which nipples are formed in Larinx or other parts of the respiratory road. The RRP is observed mainly in children under 5 (minor PRP) or in people in the third ten living faces (adults RRP). In rare cases, women with genital HPV infection can transmit a baby virus during childbirth. An absurd RRP can lead to a serious problem due to the obstruction of the respiratory tract.
Complications after illness
It was established that RSM in 100% of cases arises due to oncogen as the type of virus of the human papillom (HPV). In women with a normal immune system, cervical cancer is developing in 15-20 years. Women with a weakened immune system, for example, with HIV infection in the absence of treatment, its development can last only 5-10 years. Despite the limited data on angeeninal, cancer, different from cervical cancer, an increasing number of actual data indicates the relationship between human papillomavis with the anus, vulva, vagina and penis. And although these types of cancer are less common than RSHM, their connection with HPV makes it potentially prevent the use of the same primary preventive strategies as well as for cervical cancer.
The types of HPVs that do not cause cancer (especially types 6 and 11) can cause spiky condylomas and respiratory papillomatosis (a disease in which tumors grow in the respiratory tract leading from nose and mouths in the lungs). And although these conditions very rarely lead to death, they can often lead to disease. Sharp condylomas are widespread and extremely contagious.
Mortality
There is great global mortality from Cerva Cervical cancer (52%), of which the cause of the human papillomavirus is. In 2012, approximately 270. 000 women died of RSM, and more than 85% of these deaths in low and average income countries.
Treatment
Screening RSM tests for pre-war conditions and cancer among women who do not have symptoms and feel completely healthy. If the screening reveals precision pathological conditions, they can be easily treated and thus prevent cancer. Screening can also identify and cancer in an early stage with the high probability of cure.
Given the fact that the pre-cranent conditions specified, each woman aged 30 to 49 is recommended to pass overlast at least once in his life, and better often. Screening is effective for reducing mortality from cervical cancer only in case of significant number of women.
3 different types of screening are currently available:
- Common test Papanicolau (PAP) and liquid cytology (LBC);
- Visual verification using acetic acid;
- Examination in the types of HPV high risk.
In developed countries, there are programs that provide women to screening women, which allows you to identify most precise conditions on stages when they can be easily treated. Early treatment from the virus of the human papillom allows you to prevent up to 80% of the developments of RSM in these countries.
In developing countries, limited access to an efficient projection means that the disease is often revealed only in later stages, when the symptoms are developing. In addition, the treatment of diseases in such later phases is inefficient, leading to high levels of death than RSM in these countries.
Vaccination efficiency
The results of clinical trials indicate that there are two vaccines that exist more secure and very effective in the prevention of HPV infection 16 and 18. Both vaccines are more efficient if vaccination is exhibited before vaccination is exposed. It is therefore desirable to perform vaccination before the first sexual contact. Vaccines are not treated by HPV infection or a disease associated with HPV (such as cancer).
In some countries, the vaccination of boys against the human papilloma virus, considering the fact that it allows you to prevent genital cancer in men and women, and one of the available vaccines also prevents the development of genital warts in men and women. In addition, the vaccination of the boy is used to prevent the circulation of HPV in the population of adolescents and young adults. Who recommends vaccination of girls aged 9-13, as it is the most effective, in terms of costs, public health measures against cervical cancer.
Vaccination against the HPV does not replace the screening of cervical cancer. In the countries where VPV, the VACC, may be needed for the development of the screening program. By the end of 2013, the vaccine against the virus of the human papillom was introduced in 55 countries that are countries.
Modern mathematical models show that in the reporting of girls 12-13 years, full course against the papillomavirus infection, it is possible that the rocket in cervical witty (forerun) - Corto-Corsets in age in age. 30 years - by 27%.
Vaccines
There are currently two vaccines that protects from 16 and 18 types of human papillomavirus, causing at least 70% of cervical cancer. These vaccines can also provide someone cross-protect from other, fewer common types of HPVs that cause RSM. One of these vaccines also protects from the species of HPV 6 and 11, which cause anogenous condyloma.
The development and registration of vaccine against papillomavirus infection determined the possibility of the primary prevention of RSM.
Latest epidemics
The cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women - according to estimates, 530. 000 new cases of the disease are recorded annually, about 270. 000 patients dying.
The incidence retains the growth trend.
The probability of the CRM illness of each woman on average during her life is 0, 53%.
Historical information and interesting facts
In the middle of the twentieth century, Harold Tsur Hausen has discovered that women suffering from cervical cancer are constantly infected with human papillomavirus. 1983 He discovered the DNA papillomavirus in the cervical cancer biopsy, and this event can be considered the opening of the VPH-16 oncogenic virus. In 2008, the Nobel Committee awarded the Nobel Award in the field of physiology and medicine Harald Zur Hausen to reveal that the papillom virus can cause cervical cancer.